Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare, generally chronic condition of profound anemia characterized by a severe reduction in the number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood and the virtual absence of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. All other cell lineages are present and appear morphologically normal. PRCA is of two types as primary and secondary (acquired). Acquired PRCA has wide diverse etiology, ranging from lymphoproliferative disorders till infections. These include:

• Drugs - Phenytoin, trimethoprim, zidovudine, chlorpropamide, recombinant erythropoietin, and mycophenolate mofetil
• Infections - Parvovirus B19, HIV, and viral hepatitis
• Autoimmune disorders - Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, hemolytic anemia, and allogeneic stem cell transplant
• Lymphoid malignancies - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, large granular leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and myeloma
• Myeloid malignancies - Chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, and prodrome of myelodysplastic syndrome
• Other causes - Thymoma, pregnancy, idiopathic, etc.

A thymoma is present in approximately 5% of patients with PRCA.[1,2] A number of cases of coexisting myasthenia gravis (MG) and PRCA have been described in the literature; all were thymoma associated except for one with thymic hyperplasia.[3]

As the onset of anemia in PRCA is insidious, patients may have little signs and symptoms until the anemia becomes severe. Extreme pallor or decreased exercise tolerance may be the first sign of this disorder in a previously healthy individual. Anemia is often severe and is normocytic and normochromic. Reticulocytes are markedly decreased and are often absent. Bone marrow examination shows normal overall cellularity, with complete or virtually complete absence of red cell precursors.

There is a well-documented association of PRCA with thymoma, with an incidence of about 5%.[1] Even if a thymoma is present, surgical resection only occasionally results in improvement or cure of the PRCA, and additional treatment (e.g., glucocorticoids, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide) is needed in most cases.[1,2,4,5]

Even though it is not very common to have acquired PRCA, documenting its etiology needs extensive and systemic workup, which involves multispecialty approach. We are reporting a similar case who was treated outside our hospital for many years with blood products and hematinic and later got documented thymoma as an etiological cause.

CASE REPORT

A 60-year-old gentleman, who was normotensive, nondiabetic, and euthyroid, presented to our outpatient clinic with features of symptomatic anemia in the form of malaise and poor exercise tolerance. There was no history of apparent blood loss, bleeding diathesis, or poor intake. There was also no history of muscle weakness, diplopia, speech fatigue, or any surgery. He gave a history of repeated blood transfusions, ten such events he could remember and was on iron supplements since 6 years. On clinical examination, he had severe pallor and mild splenomegaly, rest of examination was unremarkable.

On evaluation, he had hemoglobin of 2 g/dl with normal red cell indices and raised serum iron indices [Table 1]. His liver function test, kidney function test, lactate dehydrogenase, electrolytes, calcium, and phosphorous were normal. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) and lower GI endoscopy was normal. Bone marrow aspiration was done, which revealed hypercellular marrow with absent erythroid precursors, abundant iron stores with normal other cell lines [Figure 1]. This all was suggestive of PRCA. Further evaluation carried out to look for causes of acquired PRCA.

Table 1

As for as management was concerned, PRCA is treated with steroids or immunosuppressants, but some patients go into remission on surgery only. Patient was not a surgical candidate as he would have persisted with gross residual disease, so we put this patient on multiagent chemotherapy with cisplatin, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide. Patient received multiple transfusions so that he was made fit for chemotherapy. Plan is to give four cycles of chemotherapy followed by surgery with or without adjuvant radiotherapy.

DISCUSSION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

PRCA, a disorder first characterized in 1922,[6] is a syndrome characterized by severe normochromic, normocytic anemia associated with reticulocytopenia and absence of erythroblasts from an otherwise normal bone marrow. The acquired form of PRCA presents either as an acute self-limited disease, predominantly seen in children or as a chronic illness that is more frequently seen in adults. As was seen in our patient, he also presented with chronic anemia, had got multiple blood transfusions till we received him. Depending on the cause, the course can be acute and self-limiting or chronic with rare spontaneous remissions.[7,8]

In approximately 60% of patients with PRCA, their serum and its IgG fraction inhibit the growth of patient and normal erythroid progenitors in vitro.[1,9] The target antigen is usually not known; in a few cases, however, the IgG fraction contains an inhibitor of erythropoietin. In other cases of autoimmune PRCA, suppression of erythropoiesis seems to be mediated by T-lymphocytes.[1,10] In our patient, we could not trace out the type of immunological damage. The net result of the immune attack in PRCA, which is characterized by marked reduction or absence of all recognizable red cell precursors in the bone marrow and absence of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood. In our patient, net hemoglobin was 2.0 g/dl with normal red cell indices and almost absent reticulocytes in peripheral blood and absent erythroblasts in bone marrow.

MG and PRCA are occasionally associated with thymoma. MG appears in about 20%–40% of patients with thymoma, and PRCA develops in about 2%–5% of those patients.[11] On the other hand, thymoma is detected in 10%–17% of patients with MG and in 5%–13% of patients with PRCA.[12,13] However, the simultaneous occurrence of MG, PRCA, and thymoma is extremely rare. In our patient, chest X-ray had mild mediastinal widening, but CT showed large mediastinal mass with close relation with large arteriovenous system. As per the WHO histological classification, thymoma is divided into six types as Type A, AB, B1, B2, B3, and C. Our patient had B1 histology pattern, consisting of lymphocytic rich predominantly cortical organoid cells. It has been seen that Type A is associated with PRCA and Type B with MG, but in our patient, this correlation was not seen. Patient was inoperable at beginning, and likely fitted in clinical stage II to III and complete surgical excision was not possible. Hence, our patient was put on chemotherapy at outset and plan is thymectomy after few cycles of chemotherapy.

It has been seen that PRCA improves in 30% of patients after complete thymectomy, and complete surgical excision with adjacent structures is possible in 88% of patients.[14,15] There are several options for inducing remission of PRCA after surgery, but many patients with acquired PRCA require immunosuppressive therapy to maintain remissions. Corticosteroids, cyclosporin A, and cyclophosphamide are almost equally effective for inducing remissions of PRCA, but the most important difference between these agents is the feasibility of long-term maintenance. Considering the recurrent nature of acquired PRCA, it has been suggested cyclosporin A as first-line therapy for these patients at a dose of 2.5–3 mg/kg twice daily to achieve trough cyclosporin A (CsA) levels of 150–250 ng/ml for a maximum of 3–4 months. This trough CsA level has been empirically determined according to a consensus from a multicenter randomized study in Japan for aplastic anemia.[16] Maintenance therapy with CsA is a requisite for most patients to prevent relapse. Prognosis of thymoma is related to stage of presentation, presence or absence of complete resection, and histological subtype. Subtype A and AB behaves as benign tumor, subtype B (B1 and B2) behaves as low-grade tumor, and subtype B3 and C behaves as thymic carcinoma.

Acknowledgment